What Is Legal English

The specialized variety (or occupational register) of the English language used by lawyers and in legal documents is called legal English. As David Mellinkoff has noted, legal English includes distinctive words, meanings, phrases, and modes of expression (The Language of the Law, 1963). A pejorative term for abstruse forms of legal English is legalese. Examples and Observations I know you lawyers can with easeTwist words and meanings as you please;That language, by your skill made pliant,Will bend to favour every client. (John Gay, The Dog and the Fox. Fables, 1727 and 1738)So, you might speak English, but can you understand what goes on in court? Actually, it is likely that many people will understand most, in not all, of the talk that is addressed directly to them... In spoken legal contexts the legal vocabulary and sentence structures typically occur in talk between lawyers and judges: it is a kind of insiders language, similar to the way in which computer technicians might discuss your computer problems, in their specialised register, in front of you. (Diana Eades, Using English in the Legal Process. The Routledge Companion to English Language Studies, ed. by Janet Maybin and Joan Swann. Routledge, 2010) What Makes Legal Language Difficult? One of the main reasons why legal language is sometimes difficult to understand is that it is often very different from ordinary English. This comprises two issues: 1. The writing conventions are different: sentences often have apparently peculiar structures, punctuation is used insufficiently, foreign phrases are sometimes used instead of English phrases (e.g. ​inter alia instead of among others), unusual pronouns are employed (the same, the aforesaid, etc.), and unusual set phrases are to be found (null and void, all and sundry).2. A large number of difficult words and phrases are used. (Rupert Haigh, Legal English, 2nd ed. Routledge-Cavendish, 2009) Legal Doublets It must have been quite hard, being a lawyer in the Middle Ages in England. Originally, all your law books would have been in Latin. Then, in the 13th century, they start being written in French. Then along comes English. Lawyers had a problem. When they wanted to talk about a legal issue, which words should they use?... If someone decided to leave all his property and possessions to a relative, should the legal document talk about his goods, using the Old English word, or his chattels, using the Old French word? The lawyers thought up an ingenious solution. They would use both... A large number of legal doublets were created in this way, and some of them became so widely known that they entered everyday English. Every time we say fit and proper or wrack and ruin we are recalling a legal mix of English and French. Peace and quiet combines French and Latin. Will and testament combines English and Latin... The pattern caught on. After a while, lawyers began to bring together pairs of w ords from the same language. To avoid a dispute over whether cease meant the same as desist (both words are from French), they simply said that someone should cease and desist. (David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012)You must not argue there [in court], as if you were arguing in the schools; close reasoning will not fix their attention--you must say the same thing over and over again, in different words. If you say it but once, they miss it in a moment of inattention. It is unjust, sir, to censure lawyers for multiplying words when they argue; it is often necessary for them to multiply words.(Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791) National Varieties of Legal English The American colonies rejected many things British when they won their independence. Yet they retained the common law system, including the notion of precedent. Despite reservations by some prominent Americans, most notably Thomas Jefferson, they also continued to use the legal language associated with that system. Thus modern English lawyers can understand American lawyers fairly well, and vice versa. Yet in some important respects, the British and American legal systems have diverged, producing what are arguably differing dialects of legal English (Tiersma 1999: 43-7). In contrast to the United States, countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand broke away from the United Kingdom much later, and as a result their legal languages are closer to that of England. (Peter M. Tiersma, A History of the Languages of Law. Language and Law, ed. by Peter M. Tiersma and Lawrence M. Solan. Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)

Symptoms And Treatment Of Rubella - 2212 Words

Introduction Rubella virus was the first teratogenic agent to be identified as it disturbs the embryonic development. While the clinical symptoms of rubella infections acquired postnatally are usually mild, and many infections are asymptomatic, this virus can be even fatal for the fetus during pregnancy. The rubella virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue, and the virus then spreads to surrounding regional lymph and then bloodstream. It’s highly contagious disease as its transmission occurs by spread of the airborne droplet from person to person. Perhaps it’s the critical period of fetus development and the damages of this teratogenic virus that many studies have been done regarding to the different aspects of congenital rubella. Congenital rubella syndrome The mechanism by which the rubella virus infects the fetus and causes fetal damage is poorly understood. However different suggestions has been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of congenital rubella infection. One study suggests that the immune tolerance in pregnancy explain the RV pathogenesis, as immune system undergoes changes to adapt to fetus and placenta, it becomes more vulnerable. Also the limited maternal passive immunity in the fetus during early pregnancy means that the virus can spread through the bloodstream of the mother and may damage different organs like the placenta. As a result of placental damage, the virus is enabled to cross the placenta intoShow MoreRelatedRubella Is An Infection Of The Skin1138 Words   |  5 PagesRubella is an infection of the skin involving a rash on the skin. Rubella can be spread from person to person as early as one week before the rash begins and as late as one to two weeks after the rash is gone. Usually there are few symptoms including headache, fever, runny nose and headache prior to the appearance of the rash. 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As modern humans we enjoy a wide range of medical treatment, and they provide a healthier life. However, advances in modern medicine as with the further research traditional medicines like chiropractic it met with incredulity. For decades the chiropractic has denied modern medicine

Little Women Critique Free Essays

She must merely describe life as it actually was. Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) wrote Little Women at the request of her publishers, even though she was not very enthused about writing a book for girls. This book is a primary The second book, Century of Struggle: The Woman’s Rights Movement in source. We will write a custom essay sample on Little Women Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The united States, by Eleanor Fleeter and Ellen Fitzpatrick (1969, 1975, 1996) is both a primary and a secondary source. The author used primary sources, such as archival material, to depict the struggles that women endured in their path to gain voting rights in the nineteenth century but Ms. Fleeter also drew from her experiences and observations of her mother. Century of Struggle Is a monograph. [l] I don’t think Little Women had a thesis; It was a book written for young girls to enjoy. However, through the use of the author’s own life experiences, the book has left an Imprint of what life was Like for many women during the Call War. Century of Struggle, on the other hand, did have a thesis: â€Å"to survey the position of women during the colonial and revolutionary periods, before any movement may properly be said to have gun; to trace its development from scattered beginnings early in the nineteenth century of a number of different fronts–education, employment, trade union organization, the professions, the law, the franchise–down to then enactment of the suffrage amendment in 1920; to keep that struggle in perspective against the growth of this nation and of such related reform movements as the abolition of slavery, temperance, and the organization of trade unions–bearing in mind that never at any time were these women without the support of far-seeing and loyal men. † Eleanor Fleeter (1908-1995) had a vast Interest In history. She majored In history and English from Swarthmore College and attended Oxford university for one year due to a fellowship she received for her senior thesis on Mary Tudor. In the sass, Ms. Fleeter wrote plays â€Å"that focused on social and economic unrest and the rise of fascism. † The beginning and the content of Century of Struggle began with her experience with labor organizing and her many political activities; she Joined the Communist Party in the ass and participated in with many radical activists and Century of Struggle is a very comprehensive book about the history organizations. Of women in the United States. The author delved as far back as the sass in an effort to depict how women have fought and struggled to obtain roles in society where they were no longer Just housewives or nurses; roles that would give them their own voice In society. Ms. Fleeter stated In her book that â€Å"Whatever their social station, under English common law, which became Increasingly predominant In the colonies and among all religious denominations†¦ Women had many duties, but few rights. 2] In compiling her facts, Ms. Fleeter used an extensive number of sources, view of women’s history, especially their struggle to gain the right to vote. As stated in Century of Struggles preface, Noting rights had long been denied to women as much by prevailing notions of who they were and what capacities they possessed as by any explicit and carefully planned scheme to deny women access to the instruments of democracy. † Louisa May Alcott Little Women was a fictional novel. However, it has long been regarded as â€Å"a significant exploration of the processes of coming a woman. † It acknowledged the various conflicts inherent in the girls’ artistic ambitions and social expectations†¦ â€Å"[3] The author acknowledges that she used her own experiences with her sisters to infuse life into her books characters. This edition of the book contained many criticisms of Little Women as well as a chronology of Ms. Alcott life. Ms. How to cite Little Women Critique, Papers

Art Still Life Essay Sample free essay sample

Still life is a type of painting. It’s a image of objects that don’t move. The creative person looks at objects. like vases. fruit. bottle’s flower’s and surveies the manner the light hits the objects. the shadow’s and the form. Archie Forrest is a Scots creative person. who was born in 1950. Archie attended the Glasgow school of art in 1969 and left in 1973. He so spent 7 old ages learning pupils as an art coach. In 1985 he stopped learning and wholly devoted him clip. to doing art. Forrest’s work is really popular and has appeared in many different galleries throughout Scotland. He is now aged 62 and still continues to lend his work. ‘Wee group’ is an illustration of Archie’s work. The pulling consists of many random objects on an old wooden tabular array. The spectator chiefly focuses on the tabular array. as all the objects are found on it. We will write a custom essay sample on Art: Still Life Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The object used are. assorted fruits scattered about. a vase with many different colored flowers. a unambiguously patterned jug and an old clothe hanging off the border of the tabular array. This is an interesting combination. as these objects would non usually be found together. The drawing is split up into three subdivisions. the foreground. the background. and the midground. The underneath of the tabular array is the foreground. the objects on the tabular array are the midground. and the background is a field and tiring wall. It’s besides sectioned utilizing horizontal and perpendicular lines. The manner the fruit is placed makes a horizontal line. the tabular array. fabric. jug and vase are all perpendicular lines. The objects that make up the drawing are all in really similar colorss. like warm picket pinks. blues and picks. The horizontal objects are all in really different sunglassess from the perpendicular objects. the horizontal objects are bright orange. ruddy and green. The image as a whole has a warm feel to it. As the background and midground colorss are pale sunglassess. like calcium hydroxide viridity and pick. this makes the picture less intense. However even though the colorss used for the fruit are bright and bold. it still doesn’t take away from the pictures composure and relaxed subject. The objects merely contrast with the remainder of the pulling to pull attending to them. A strong black tone is used in the background and foreground of the image and each of the objects are clearly defined with a black lineation. doing them seem 3D. The darkened background brings in the foreground and makes it hold depth. The fruit is overlapping the jug. conveying the fruit forward and the jug backwards into the background. A batch of the fruit is besides overlapping. giving all the objects distance across the tabular array. The texture of the picture seems smooth as he uses objects that would be smooth in existent life. He makes the fruit seem absolutely round and glistening. Whereas the tabular array looks ragged and unsmooth. every bit good as the wall in the background. There’s an obvious alone form on the jug. repeated curves and lines are used to give the fruit and vase form. It looks like he’s been controlled and relaxed when pulling this. The picture to me seems really relaxed and unagitated. due to the colors Archie used. The objects on the tabular array. although they are placed indiscriminately in no peculiar order. still look tidily arranged so the picture seems orderly non mussy and loud. I don’t believe Archie Forrest has made a immense part to his motion as he is s till populating. The 2nd image I choose to analyze is. ‘still life with Earthenware and bottles’ by Van Gogh. Van Gogh is a really well-known creative person who was born in 1883. he grew up in Holland. His household were really spiritual as his male parent was a curate. When Vincent left school. he decided to follow his uncle’s calling as an art trader. Although he was happy with his work. he grew tired of the art trade. It wasn’t until 1880. aged 27. that he genuinely started to go an creative person. He attended the ‘academe Royale des Beaux arts’ in Brussels. Belgium. He immediately fell in love with art. Although he would travel on to pull more than 900 pictures in the following 10 old ages. he was neer to the full appreciated in his life-time. It was merely after he took his life in 1890 that his work was discovered and went on to act upon many creative persons to come. In this image there are two bowls. a vase. a pigment coppice. 3 bottles and an eatherw ane pot. The two smaller pots are positioned at either terminals of the tabular array. The largest pot is in the centre of the image and inside it there is the pigment coppice. They are all sat on an old looking brown tabular array. Because the bottles in this picture appear far off. we would state at that place in the background. the two bowls at either side of the picture expression closest to us. so they are in the foreground. The midground subdivision is the tabular array as it appears deeper than the foreground but non every bit deep as the background. The image itself is rather dark. Except the blue and white bowl. this stands out against everything. The image is built up of chiefly brown tones. He juxtaposed the green coloring material of the bottles in the background with the dark ruddy coloring material of the bowl in the Centre. This image is broken down into many simple soft forms they all round off at some point. The forms are average sized. except the little bowls at the side of the image and the bowl which is rather big and in the Centre of the picture to pull attending to it. The texture of the picture seems smooth and elaborate. like he’s concentrated on it a batch. He’s drawn these objects in round gestures to give them form. It looks like how it would experience in existent life. Color in this image. seems to melt from the underside of the picture to the top. making this gives the picture distance and makes it look far off. The largest form convergence with the two objects on the sides giving it depth. This image makes me experience baffled as he uses dark tones and colorss. but he besides uses a bright blue for the bowl. So I don’t know whether to experience happy or sad. I think van Gogh felt this manner to. I besides think he felt relaxed as his brushstrokes seem orderly smooth like he’s concentrated on it. Since Van Gogh’s decease he has made a immense part to art. he has influenced many creative persons and the manner art he has changed the manner art is done today. Archie and Van Gogh are two really different creative persons. Looking at Van Goghs work he was celebrated for his bold. dramatic brushstrokes that convayed his feelings. demoing he went through alot of emphasis. However archie pictures seem much more concentrated. he seems like a laid back. relaxed type individual. Very unlike Van Gogh who lived an dying and brainsick life. Van Gogh besides tended to utilize really dark sunglassess. he really seldom used bright colorss. but archie uses all different types of colors. both really bright and really dark. Although archie is in his early 60’s and still produces new art work. he has non yet made a immense part to his clip but Van Gogh. although dead. still continues to this twenty-four hours to act upon immature creative persons.